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1 restraining spring
1) Военный термин: пружинный предохранитель2) Техника: предохранительная пружина -
2 предохранительная пружина
1) Engineering: restraining spring, safety spring2) Railway term: creep springУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > предохранительная пружина
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3 пружинный предохранитель
Military: restraining springУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > пружинный предохранитель
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4 coil
катушка; электромагнитная катушка; обмотка; виток (напр. проволоки, каната); кольцо (верёвки, каната); спираль (пружины); моток; бухта (троса); бунт (проволоки); соленоид; змеевик; рулон; II навивать (пружину); наматывать; обматывать; свёртываться кольцом или спиралью; извиваться; скручивать в спираль- coil block - coil capacitance - coil car - coil condenser - coil constant - coil conveyor - coil dissipation - coil former - coil heater - coil heating - coil high-tension lead - coil ignition - coil impedance - coil inductance - coil insulation - coil lifter - coil loss - coil magnetometer - coil neutralization - coil of helix - coil of wire - coil-on-plug ignition - coil overheating - coil pipe - coil pitch - coil pump - coil Q-factor - coil quality - coil resistance - coil spool - coil spring - coil spring clutch - coil spring dampener - coil-steel car - coil stripping carriage - coil support - coil tank truck - coil tap - coil terminal - coil tongs - coil tower - coil transfer buggy - coil transfercar - coil-type evaporator - coil-type heater - coil up - coil water cooling - coil winding - coil winding machine - coil-winding short circuit - absorption coil - acceleration coil - active coils - actuating coil - adjustment coil - air-core coil - air-cored coil - air-gap coil - air-gap reactance coil - alignment coil - arc suppresion coil - armature coil - bias coil - bifilar coil - blowout coil - blow-up coil - bucking coil - bypass coil - choke coil - coiled coil - compensator balancing coil - concentric coil - cooling coil - control coil - core coil - coupling coil - crossover coil - current limiting coil - damping coil - deflection coil - deflecting coil - degaussing coil - dephlegmator coil - disc coil - discharge coil - double-spark ignition coil - dry coil - earth coil - electric heating coil - electromagnet coil - end coil - evaporating coil - excitation coil - exciting coil - expansion coil - exploring coil - feedback coil - field coil - fixed coil - flip coil - form-wound coil - gap-air coil - grid type coil - hearpin coil - heat coil - heat recovery coil - heat-exchanger coil - heater coil - heating coil - helical coil - high-pressure condensing coil - hold-in coil - holding coil - holding-on coil - honeycomb coil - horizontal-tube coil - hose coil - hybrid coil - idle coil - ignition coil - ignition coil with ignition driver stage - impedance coil - inductance coil - induction coil - inductor coil - iron-core coil - launching coil - line repeating coil - load coil - loading coil - long-pitch coil - magnet coil - magnetic coil - magnetic blow-out coil - magnetizing coil - moving coil - multilayer coil - multipass heating coil - mush-wound coil - noninductive coil - nonlinear coil - open-ended coil - operating coil - pancake coil - panel coil - peaking coil - permeability-tuned coil - Petersen coil - pickup coil - pipe coil - pitch of coil - plate coil - plug-in coil - primary coil - probe coil - pull-in coil - pulling coil - reactance coil - reactor coil - relay coil - release coil - repeating coil - resistance coil - restraining coil - ribbon coil - rope coil - scramble-wound coil - search coil - secondary coil - sectional coil - sectionalized coil - sensor coil - series coil - shading coil - shielded coil - short-pitch coil - short-type coil - shorted-out coil - shunt coil - single-layer coil - single pass heating coil - single-spark ignition coil - sliding-contact coil - solenoid coil - solenoidal coil - spark coil - sparking coil - spiderweb coil - spider-web coil - spiral coil - spring coil - stagger-wound coil - steam heating coil - strap coil - sucking coil - superconducting coil - superheater coil - tank heating coil - tapped coil - tapping coil - Tesla coil - toroidal coil - trip coil - tripping coil - tuning coil - vertical deflection coil - Wayside coil - wire coil - work coil -
5 binding
1. n переплёт2. n связывание3. n вязка снопов; уборка сноповязалкойmodule binding — увязка модулей; связывание модулей
4. n обвязка, обшивка; оковка5. n спец. бандаж; связь6. n сращивание7. n накладывание ловчего пояса на ствол дерева8. n крепление9. n физ. хим. связь10. a связующийbinding material — связующий материал, вяжущее
11. a вяжущий12. a обязывающий, обязательныйbinding precedent — прецедент, имеющий обязательную силу
Синонимический ряд:1. required (adj.) committing; essential; necessary; obligatory; required; requisite2. restraining (adj.) confining; hobbling; limiting; restraining; restrictive; tying3. coupling (noun) adhesive; band; coupling; fastener; junction; wire; wrapper4. associating (verb) affiliating; allying; associating; combining; connecting; joining; linking; relating5. charging (verb) charging; committing; obligating; pledging6. dressing (verb) bandaging; dressing7. tying (verb) fastening; knotting; securing; tie up; tying; tying up -
6 force
- force
- nсила; усилие
force acting at one point — сила, действующая в точке
force acting in the direction of displacement — сила, действующая в направлении перемещения [смещения]
forces acting in various directions — силы, действующие в разных направлениях, пространственная система сил
forces caused by displacements — усилия, вызванные перемещениями
forces due to flexure — (внутренние) усилия, возникающие при изгибе [от изгиба]
force exerted against the wall — сила, действующая на стену
forces exerted by the removed supports — замена действия избыточных связей силами; силы, заменяющие действие избыточных связей
in force — в действии, действующий
forces in a single plane — компланарные силы, силы, лежащие в одной плоскости
forces on the left/right of the section — силы, действующие слева/справа от сечения
forces resulting from elastic deformations — усилия, вызванные упругими деформациями
forces resulting from shrinkage — силы, вызванные усадкой
forces resulting from thermal deformations — усилия, вызванные температурными деформациями
to force in — вставлять с усилием, вбивать
- force of adhesion
- force of gravity
- force of repulsion
- accelerating force
- acting force
- active force
- adhesion force
- air force
- alternating force
- applied force
- ascending force
- attractive force
- auxiliary force
- axial force
- balanced force
- balance force
- balancing force
- bending force
- body force
- bonding force
- boundary force
- braking force
- breaking force
- buckling force
- bulk force
- buoyant force
- centrifugal force
- centripetal force
- circumferential force
- closing force
- coacting forces
- cohesive force
- collapsing force
- collinear force
- compression force
- concentrated force
- concurrent forces
- conjugate force
- constant force
- constraining force
- contraction forces
- coplanar forces
- critical force
- distributed force
- downward-acting force
- downward force
- dynamic force
- earthquake forces
- eccentric force
- edge force
- elastic force
- equal and opposite forces
- equilibrant force
- equivalent force
- expansion forces
- external forces
- fictitious force
- flexure forces
- frictional force
- friction force
- frost heaving force
- generalized force
- gravity force
- hoop force
- horizontal force
- ice force
- impact force
- imposed force
- impulsive force
- independent forces
- inertial force
- inertia force
- inner forces
- inner forces of the truss
- instantaneous force
- interdependent forces
- internal forces
- interparticle attractive forces
- jacking force
- labor force
- lateral force
- lifting force
- longitudinal force
- mass force
- membrane force
- motive force
- nodal forces
- nonconcurrent forces
- noncoplanar forces
- normal force
- opposite acting forces
- outer forces
- owner's own forces
- parallel forces
- periodic force
- prestressing force
- prestressing force after transfer
- prestressing force in the tendon
- propelling force
- pulling force
- radial force
- reaction force
- reinforcing bar force
- repelling force
- resistance force
- restoring force
- restraining force
- resultant force
- seepage force
- seismic forces
- several forces
- shearing force
- shear force
- spring force
- static force
- stretching force
- superficial forces
- surface forces
- sustaining force
- tangential force
- tearing force
- tensile force
- thermal forces
- tighting force
- torque force
- tractive force
- transverse force
- twisting force
- unbalanced force
- unit force
- unit seepage force
- uplift force
- upward-acting force
- upward force
- variable force
- viscous forces
- wave force
- wind force
- wind forces on the end
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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7 coil
1) спираль || скручивать( свёртывать) в спираль2) виток3) рулон ( полосового материала)4) бухта, бунт (проволоки, провода, шнура) || сматывать в бухту или бунт5) намотка, обмотка || наматывать, мотать6) катушка (индуктивности); секция обмотки ( катушки индуктивности)7) соленоид8) змеевик10) полигр. (проволочная или пластмассовая) спираль ( для скрепления листов)•-
absorption coil
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acceleration coil
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actuating coil
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air-cored coil
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air-core coil
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air-gap reactance coil
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alignment coil
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arc-suppression coil
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armature coil
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balance coil
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bias coil
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bifilar coil
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blow-out coil
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bobbin-type coil
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boosting coil
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box annealed coil
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bridging coil
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bucking coil
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built-up coil
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bypass coil
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choke coil
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coil of film
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coil of helix
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cold-rolled coil
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commutating field coil
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commutating coil
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compensating coil
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concentric coils
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condenser coil
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cooling coil
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core coil
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cored coil
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coupling coil
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crossover coil
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current coil
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current limiting coil
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damping coil
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dead coil
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deflecting coil
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deflection coil
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deflector coil
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degaussing coil
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dephlegmator coil
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disc coil
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dummy coil
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earth coil
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evaporating coil
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evaporator coil
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exciting coil
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feedback coil
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field coil
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fixed coil
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focusing coil
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full cathweight coil
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gap-air coil
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hairpin coil
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heat recovery coil
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heat-exchanger coil
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heating coil
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helical coil
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high-pressure condensing coil
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holding-on coil
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holding coil
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honeycomb coil
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horizontal-tube coil
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hot-rolled coil
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hum-bucking coil
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hybrid coil
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idle coil
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ignition coil
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impedance coil
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inductance coil
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induction coil
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iron-core coil
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line choking coil
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load coil
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locomotive coil
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long-pitch coil
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loose-wounded coil
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loose coil
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magnetic coil
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magnet coil
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magnetizing coil
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moving coil
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multistrip coil
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mush-wound coil
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noninductive coil
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nonlinear coil
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open-ended coil
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pancake coil
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panel coil
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Petersen coil
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pipe coil
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primary coil
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random coil
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random-wound coil
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reactance coil
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reading coil
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refluxing coil
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relay coil
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release coil
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relic coil
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restraining coil
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ribbon coil
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rod coil
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rope coil
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scanning coil
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scramble-wound coil
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secondary coil
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sectional coil
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series coil
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shading coil
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short-pitch coil
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short-type coil
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shunt coil
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single coil
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slanted coil
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sliding-contact coil
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solenoidal coil
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solenoid coil
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sparking coil
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spark coil
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speech coil
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split cathweight coil
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spring coil
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steam coil
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steel coil
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sucking coil
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superconducting coil
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tailed coil
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tank heating coil
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tank coil
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tapped coil
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tapping coil
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telescoped coil
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Tesla coil
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test coil
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toroidal coil
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track group coil
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trimming coil
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tripping coil
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trip coil
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tuning coil
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voice coil
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Wayside coil
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wire coil
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writing coil -
8 force
2) воздействие3) вмешательство || вмешиваться ( в работу устройства); принуждать, заставлять; форсировать4) вставлять с усилием, вдавливать; вгонять, загонять5) пуансон6) усиливать; ускорять; увеличивать•force A is equal and opposite to force B — сила А равна по величине и противоположна по направлению силе В;force between track links — натяг между звеньями траковой цепи;force in the joint — рбт усилие в сочленении;to apply force — прикладывать силу; прилагать усилие;to balance force — уравновешивать силу;to combine forces — складывать силы;to distribute force — распределять силу;to force down — прижимать книзу, отжимать;to exert force — прикладывать силу; прилагать усилие;to force home — вгонять (загонять) до отказа;to impress force upon structure — прикладывать силу к конструкции или к сооружению;to force out — 1. вытеснять, выгонять 2. выкачивать;to place forces in equilibrium — уравновешивать силы;to take ( up) force — воспринимать усилие;to force through — продавливать; проталкиватьforce of current interaction — сила взаимодействия токов, экстрадинамическая сила-
accelerating force
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actual cutting force
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actuation force
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adhesion force
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adsorption forces
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aerodynamic force
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aggregation force
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alternating electromotive force
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alternating force
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applied force
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ascensional force
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attracting force
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axial force
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back electromotive force
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balance force
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bending force
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Bernoulli force
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biasing magnetizing force
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body force
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bolt strap force
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bonding force
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braking force
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breakdown force
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breakout force
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buckling force
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buffing force
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buoyancy force
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calculated force
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calibration force
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centrifugal force
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centripetal force
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clamping force
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climb force
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coercitive force
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coercive force
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cohesive force
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collapsing force
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collision force
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compression force
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concentrated force
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constraining force
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contact electromotive force
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contact extraction force
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contact force
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contact retention force
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contractive force
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Coriolis force
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cornering force
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correct track assembly force
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Coulomb force
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counter-electromotive force
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crack-driving force
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crowding force
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crowd force
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crushing force
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cutting force
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damping force
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deflecting force
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deforming force
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demagnetization force
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differential force
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digging force
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direct force
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directive force
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draft force
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drag force
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drawbar pulling force
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drawing force
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driving force
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dynamic force
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effective force
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effective tractive force
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elastic force
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electric force
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electrodynamic force
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electrokinetic force
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electromotive force
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electrostatic force
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engaging force
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equivalent force
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exchange forces
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expulsive force
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external force
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feed force
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field force
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flow force
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flux force
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fracture-driving force
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fracture force
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frictional force
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friction force
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gravitational force
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gravity force
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gripping force
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hydraulic tractive force
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ice force
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image force
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impact force
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imposed force
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impulsive force
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induced electromotive force
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inertial force
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insertion force
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instantaneous force
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interacting forces
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interionic forces
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intermolecular forces
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internal force
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ionic force
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jacking force
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labor force
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landing force
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lateral force
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levitating force
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lifting force
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lift force
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lip force
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longitudinal impact force
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magnetic force
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magnetizing force
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magnetomotive force
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magnifying force
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mechanical force
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member force
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momentary force
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motive force
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mutual electrodynamic force
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net drag force
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net force
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normal force
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nuclear forces
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oil stiction force
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opposite forces
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photoelectromotive force
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pinch force
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plane-strain crack resistance force
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ploughing force
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plug thrust force
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ponderomotive force
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press force
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pressing force
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pressure-gradient force
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prestressing force
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proper force
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propulsive force
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pryout force
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psophometric electromotive force
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pullout force
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pull force
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pulling force
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pulsating electromotive force
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raising force
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rated force
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reacting force
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reaction force
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reactive electromotive force
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reactive force
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release force
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repair force
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repulsive force
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reset force
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resistance force
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restraining force
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resultant force
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retarding force
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retention force
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rotating electromotive force
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saturating forces
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secondary force
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seepage force
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self-inductance electromotive force
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separating force
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shearing force
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shear force
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side force
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single force
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skating force
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sliding resistance force
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space force
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specific cutting force
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specific friction force
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spring force
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starting force
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steady cutting force
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stretching force
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suction force
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sump force
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superposed force
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supporting force
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surface tension force
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tangential cutting force
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tangential force
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task force
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tearing force
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tensile force
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thermal electromotive force
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thermoelectromotive force
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Thomson electromotive force
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tide-generating force
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tighting force
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torque force
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total electromotive force
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total force
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towing force
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tracking force
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tractive force
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transient cutting force
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transverse force
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turret clamping force
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twisting force
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unit force
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uplift force
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upward force
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Van der Waals forces
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vectorial force
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vector force
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viscous force
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water force
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wave force
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wind force
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withdrawal force -
9 hoop
3) мн. ч. обручное (шинное, бандажное) железо5) кольцевая арматура || усиливать ( железобетонный элемент) кольцевой арматурой• -
10 latch
3) упорный штифт; кулачок4) защёлка || защёлкивать5) предохранительная собачка; предохранительный запор6) фиксатор || фиксировать7) регистр-фиксатор, регистр-защёлка; триггер-фиксатор9) язычок, клапан ( трикотажной язычковой иглы)10) горловина ( вырез) платины ( котонной машины)•-
anchor latch
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antiretraction latch
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bistable latch
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bonnet latch
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brake latch
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capture latch
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clocked latch
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discharging latch
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disengaging latch
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docking latch
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docking ring-mounted latch
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door latch
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down-lock latch
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drop latch
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feeder drive latch
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friction latch
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guard latch
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guide latch
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hook mouth safety latch
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hook mouth latch
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lever latch
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lift latch
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mating capture latch
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overcenter latch
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periphery-type latch
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restraining latch
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screw latch
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spring latch
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thumb latch
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up-lock latch
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window latch -
11 नियमः _niyamḥ
नियमः 1 Restraining, checking.-2 Taming, sub- duing.-3 Confining, preventing.-4 A restraint, check; वाचि नियमः U.2.2; अधर्मानियमः Ms.8.122.-5 Restric- tion, limitation; Mb.14.13.11.-6 A rule or precept, law (in general), usage; नायमेकान्ततो नियमः Ś. B.-7 Regularity; कुसुमसुकुमारमूर्तिर्दधती नियमेन तनुतरं मध्यम् Ratn. 1.2.-8 Certainty, ascertainment.-9 An agreement, promise, vow, engagement.-1 Necessity, obligation.-11 Any voluntary or self-imposed religious observance (dependent on external conditions); [The earliest explanation of this expression is the one found in the ŚB. on MS.4.2.24. cf. को$यं नियमः । अनियतस्य नियतता । प्रयोगाङ्गतया सर्वे देशाः प्राप्नुवन्ति, न तु समच्चयेन । यदा समो न तदा विषमः । यदा विषमो न तदा समः । स एष समः प्राप्तश्चाप्राप्तश्च । यदा न प्राप्तः स पक्षो विधिं प्रयोजयति. This is very nicely stated in the Vārttika--'नियमः पाक्षिके सति']; R.1.94; Ki.5.4; (see Malli. on Śi.13.23).-12 Any minor observance or lesser vow, a duty prescribed to be done, but which is not so obligatory as a यम q. v. शौचमिज्या तपो दानं स्वाध्यायोपस्थनिग्रहः । व्रतमौनोपवासं च स्नानं च नियमा दशा ॥ Atri.-13 Penance, devotion, religious austerities; नियमविघ्न- कारिणी Ś.1; R.15.74.-14 (In Mīm. phil.) A rule or precept which lays down or specifies something which, in the absence of that rule, would be optional; विधिरत्यन्तमप्राप्तौ नियमः पाक्षिके सति.-15 (In Yoga phil.) Restraint of the mind, the second of the 8 principal steps of meditation in Yoga; दशैते नियमाः प्रोक्ता योगशास्त्र- विशारदैः Tantrasāra.-16 (In Rhet.) A poetical com- monp lace or convention, as the description of the cuckoo in spring, peacocks in the rains &c.-17 Defining, definition.-18 Keeping down, lowering (as the voice).-19 Keeping secret; मन्त्रस्य नियमं कुर्याः Mb.5. 141.2.-2 Effort (यत्न); यथैते नियमं पौराः कुर्वन्त्यस्मिन्निवर्तने Mb.2.46.2. (नियमेन as a rule, invariably).-Comp. -उपमा a simile which expressly states that something can be compared only with something else.-धर्मः a law prescribing restraints.-निष्ठा rigid observance of prescribed rites.-पत्रम् a written agreement.-विधिः a religious rite, daily ritual; नियमविधिजलानां बर्हिषां चोप- नेत्री Ku.1.6.-स्थ a. observing penance; Ku.5.13.-स्थितिः f. steady observance of religious obligations, asceticism.-हेतुः a regulating cause. -
12 force
1) сила, усилие; пробойник, бородок2) усиливать; надевать с усилием; форсировать•to force down — отжимать книзу, прижимать книзу
- force of compression - force of cut - force of man - irresistible force - seepage force - unit seepage force - uplift forceto force in — запрессовывать, вдавливать, сажать с усилием
* * *сила; усилиеforce acting at one point — сила, действующая в точке
force acting in the direction of displacement — сила, действующая в направлении перемещения [смещения]
forces acting in various directions — силы, действующие в разных направлениях, пространственная система сил
forces caused by displacements — усилия, вызванные перемещениями
forces due to flexure — (внутренние) усилия, возникающие при изгибе [от изгиба]
force exerted against the wall — сила, действующая на стену
forces exerted by the removed supports — замена действия избыточных связей силами; силы, заменяющие действие избыточных связей
in force — в действии, действующий
forces in a single plane — компланарные силы, силы, лежащие в одной плоскости
forces on the left/right of the section — силы, действующие слева/справа от сечения
forces resulting from elastic deformations — усилия, вызванные упругими деформациями
forces resulting from shrinkage — силы, вызванные усадкой
forces resulting from thermal deformations — усилия, вызванные температурными деформациями
- force of adhesionto force in — вставлять с усилием, вбивать
- force of gravity
- force of repulsion
- accelerating force
- acting force
- active force
- adhesion force
- air force
- alternating force
- applied force
- ascending force
- attractive force
- auxiliary force
- axial force
- balanced force
- balance force
- balancing force
- bending force
- body force
- bonding force
- boundary force
- braking force
- breaking force
- buckling force
- bulk force
- buoyant force
- centrifugal force
- centripetal force
- circumferential force
- closing force
- coacting forces
- cohesive force
- collapsing force
- collinear force
- compression force
- concentrated force
- concurrent forces
- conjugate force
- constant force
- constraining force
- contraction forces
- coplanar forces
- critical force
- distributed force
- downward-acting force
- downward force
- dynamic force
- earthquake forces
- eccentric force
- edge force
- elastic force
- equal and opposite forces
- equilibrant force
- equivalent force
- expansion forces
- external forces
- fictitious force
- flexure forces
- frictional force
- friction force
- frost heaving force
- generalized force
- gravity force
- hoop force
- horizontal force
- ice force
- impact force
- imposed force
- impulsive force
- independent forces
- inertial force
- inertia force
- inner forces
- inner forces of the truss
- instantaneous force
- interdependent forces
- internal forces
- interparticle attractive forces
- jacking force
- labor force
- lateral force
- lifting force
- longitudinal force
- mass force
- membrane force
- motive force
- nodal forces
- nonconcurrent forces
- noncoplanar forces
- normal force
- opposite acting forces
- outer forces
- owner's own forces
- parallel forces
- periodic force
- prestressing force
- prestressing force after transfer
- prestressing force in the tendon
- propelling force
- pulling force
- radial force
- reaction force
- reinforcing bar force
- repelling force
- resistance force
- restoring force
- restraining force
- resultant force
- seepage force
- seismic forces
- several forces
- shearing force
- shear force
- spring force
- static force
- stretching force
- superficial forces
- surface forces
- sustaining force
- tangential force
- tearing force
- tensile force
- thermal forces
- tighting force
- torque force
- tractive force
- transverse force
- twisting force
- unbalanced force
- unit force
- unit seepage force
- uplift force
- upward-acting force
- upward force
- variable force
- viscous forces
- wave force
- wind force
- wind forces on the end -
13 force
сила; усилие; см. тж. effort; pl. ( войсковые) соединения или части; ( вооружённые) силы; вынуждатьAir Fleet Marine forces, Atlantic — авиация морской пехоты Атлантического флота ВМС США
Air Material force, Pacific area — армия материально-технического обеспечения ВВС США в тихоокеанской зоне
air-combat forces, naval aviation — боевые силы авиации ВМС
Allied Air forces, Central Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на центрально-европейском театре
Allied Air forces, Eastern Atlantic area — объединённые ВВС НАТО в восточной части Атлантики
Allied Air forces, Northern Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на североевропейском театре
Allied Air forces, Southern Europe — объединённые ВВС НАТО на южноевропейском театре
composite air strike force — смешанная оперативная ударная группа [соединение] ВВС
control force per unit of normal acceleration — расход усилий (на органах управления) на единицу нормальной перегрузки [нормального ускорения]
control system breakout force — сила [усилие] страгивания системы управления, усилие для преодоления трения покоя в проводке управления
force due to Q — усилие, создаваемое скоростным напором
Middle East Air force — Бр. ВВС на Среднем Востоке
Royal Auxiliary Air force — Бр. вспомогательные ВВС
stick force per «g» — градиент усилий на ручке по перегрузке
wheel brake decelerating force — сила торможения, развиваемая колёсами
— G force— Q force— q force— - trim force -
14 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
[br]b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USAd. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England[br]American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.[br]Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.Bibliography1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).Further ReadingObituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See also: Pilcher, Percy SinclairCM / JDSBiographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens
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